How to choose the factor sun protector? Tips and Tricks

Season Begins sunbathing! If you are someone you love be broncead @ you know these tricks and tips for choosing the right protection.

We talk to the expert Clara beings, mesoestetic International Training Manager who tells us the tricks to choose protective factor for each skin, what foods will help us to get dark and many other things tosunbathe .

How to choose the appropriate protective factor? Tips and Tricks

The sun protection factors appropriate for each skin are determined according to skin characteristics regarding picture type and condition.However, if one considers that the melanin pigments are elements that protect cells from harmful effects of UV rays , it is clear that in the first direct exposure to the sun, we choose a very high degree of protection even end .

Genetics determines the photo skin type , and this determines in turn we have a limited time in minutes of natural protection for the amount of melanin we produce. And depending on how long we are protected, we chose a protection factor or another. The less time protected, greater protection factor.

The vast improvement in textures and types of sunscreen can also take into account the condition of skin.Thus, for acne-prone skin or scars, physical filters are most suitable.

What we should look before you buy a sunscreen?

Especially in that protection is against UVA and UVB , filter types (chemical, physical, organic) and at different degrees of protection. The market now offers variety of textures and also add some color.

What are the key to knowing what type of skin do we have?

Normal, combination, oily, acne-prone skin, sensitive ... considerations to be taken into account in addition to the phototype. This is determined by the degree of protection that is our skin from UV rays.

Is it true that the protection factor is the time that it can be exposed?

If the FPS is 25, that means we're 25 times more protected than we are naturally in our skin type. A phototype higher, more secure, longer, so in theory we need to lower SPF. If we are going to sweat, exposing long, swim ... other considerations eventually to make that protection factor.

Can you take the sun from 10 am to 6 pm as long as we take protection? Does this case have to take any precautions?

Yes, provided they are applied repeatedly sunscreens that meet the needs of our skin. Knowing that the range of time critical and ideally avoid, is 12 noon to 16 hours.

Are there foods that protect the skin from the sun?

All foods rich in carotenoids, shields (zanahorias. .., red peppers, plums), and rich in vitamins C, E ..., antioxidants such as fruits, green leafy vegetables ... help inhibit the action of free radicals because of photoexposure of the cells

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waht is huntington disease

WHAT IS HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE?

Huntington disease (HD) is a genetic disorder, neurodegenerative and hereditary. Long known as the Huntington, she was named after George Huntington, American physician who was the first described scientifically in 1872. The gene responsible the disease was discovered in 1993.Previously, she was called "St. Vitus Dance" as the most visible signs were the involuntary movements in many parts of the body. Today, we talk about Huntington's disease and no longer Huntington's disease, the term "disease" that better because it includes movement disorders and disorders of character or behavior.

Huntington's disease is mainly characterized by a degeneration of a specific brain region, the striatum formed by the caudate and putamen, and when the disease progresses, it affects the future cerebral cortex.

This disease causes progressive deterioration:

* Motor function, resulting in choreic movements (uncontrolled movements) and balance disorders.

* Cognitive functions, namely:

- Functions responsive to the acquisition, processing, classification and integration of information; 
- memory and learning for the storage and recall of information; 
- the thought or reasoning concerning the mental organization and reorganization of information; 
- the expressive functions for communication or action.

This alteration, are added psychiatric disorders that fluctuate during the course of the disease and the most common are depression, irritability (hence aggressive) and apathy.

People with Huntington's disease have difficulty controlling their movements, remembering recent events, organize and schedule tasks to undertake, to be located in space, to control their emotions .. .

In France, an estimated 6000 people suffer from Huntington's disease and 12 000 are infected (in the future declare the disease).

     >>>>>>>>>The biological basis HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE

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biological basis of Huntington disease

The biological basis of HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE Huntington's disease is a genetic disease because it results from the alteration of a gene and is characterized by the possibility of transmission to the offspring of the affected person. Each cell in the body has chromosomes consisting of genes, which are small pieces of genetic material.  The gene responsible for Huntington's disease (IT15) is located on chromosome 4. Genes are made ​​of a substance called "deoxyribonucleic acid" or DNA . DNA contains the information the body needs to make proteins assume specific functions.  The coded information contained in DNA is represented by four letters: A (adenine), G (guanine), T (thymine ) and C (cytosine), which are chemicals.  These letters are combined into groups of three, called codons, which represent the amino acids (basic building blocks of protein, essential elements of the life of the cell). The shape of a protein is therefore determined by the amino acids that compose it, and their order. This unique form in the space control how the protein fits and interacts with other parts of the cell. Thus, a protein works successfully originates codons of the DNA. When a protein is modified, it has neither the size nor the desired shape and can not function properly in the nerve cell.  And it can not function properly, it prevents other proteins, whose work depended his, to function properly.  The end result is a snowball effect, the problems accumulate continuously and the nerve cell becomes increasingly damaged and die. * * * * * When the DNA code contains the letters CAG, it tells the cell to produce glutamine, an amino acid found in certain proteins, including, in the protein huntingtin. All human beings have in their nerve cells, the protein huntingtin , whose exact function has not yet been determined by scientists but clearly plays a critical role in the events that allows cells to function effectively. In people with Huntington's disease, there is an excessive number of glutamines in a segment of the protein in particular, due to too many copies of the corresponding codon (CAG-one who code "glutamine") in the DNA code.  huntingtin protein becomes toxic. Scientists seek to know why the huntingtin protein as amended (huntingtin protein) is harmful. One study suggests that over-abundance of glutamines in the huntingtin protein cause the formation of agglomerates rigid protein.  And like the other cell components are designed to work in a more flexible, they can no longer work in this size increased.  The end result is death anticipated the nerve cell (called apoptosis ). Another recent study suggests that the altered huntingtin protein "kidnaps" smaller proteins of the nerve cell, preventing them from doing their job.  Thus the huntingtin protein can damage the nerve cells directly.

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Pregnancy In Older Women

ntroduction

Men produce sperm continuously, so at age 80 a man's sperm have only a couple of months. Instead, the woman is born with the eggs will ovulate. So that at age 35 and their eggs are the same age and have been stored in the ovaries for that long. Like everything that is stored too long, sometimes defects occur in these eggs. These defects can lead to a miscarriage or a baby born with defects such as Down syndrome (also known as trisomy 21 or mongolism.

The risk of having a child with Down syndrome is 
1 per 1,000 before age 35 
1 x 400 for the 40 
1 x 105 for the 49 
1 x 12, after 50 years

It is important to understand that at any age can have a baby with this disease and risk always exists some n simply increases with age.

Amniocentesis

To prevent these problems early detection is performed by amniocentesis . Amniocentesis is a routine that is offered to all pregnant women, because the test carries a small risk of infection or abortion.

It is proposed when there is increased risk of chromosomal defects or genetic birth defects or certain malformations.

Amniocentesis is done by:

1. Maternal age. The most common of these disorders is Down syndrome, a combination of mental and physical abnormalities caused by the presence of an extra chromosome.
2. A child or previous pregnancy with birth defects.
3. Family history.
4. Suspected .- neural tube defects Neural tube defects (defects of the spine and brain, including spina bifida and anencephaly) can be diagnosed by measuring the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-a substance produced by the fetus in the liquid Amniotic. The measurement of AFP by amniocentesis is offered if there is a family history of neural tube defects, or if previous tests of AFP in the mother's blood indicated that the pregnancy is high risk.

Are There Ways To Reduce The Risk Of Birth Defects?

There are some basic things that all women can do to reduce these risks and improve their chances of having a healthy pregnancy and healthy baby:

1. Plan your pregnancy before it begins.
2. 0.4 milligrams of folic acid (this amount is found in most multivitamins) daily before pregnancy and during the first quarter, as it helps prevent neural tube defects.
3. Come early and regular prenatal care.
4. Eat a variety of nutritious foods.
5. Begin pregnancy at a healthy weight.
6. Do not smoke during pregnancy.
7. Do not drink alcohol during pregnancy.
8. Do not use any drugs or medications, unless recommended by your gynecologist.

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Diabetes And Pregnancy. Gestational Diabetes

Description

During normal pregnancy, metabolic adaptations occur, aimed at correcting the imbalance that occurs when you need a higher nutritional content to the fetus. One of these imbalances is that the body needs more insulin intake to require a greater use of glucose.

A proof of this change is experienced by all pregnant women, usually in the morning to note the unpleasant symptoms of hypoglycemia: nausea, drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, etc..

With advancing gestation, metabolic adaptation intensifies, reaching great importance during the last 20 weeks of pregnancy.

All these metabolic changes lead to a number of considerations when they occur in a diabetic woman:

• In some patients, Diabetes first appears during pregnancy.
• The conventional criteria for diagnosing diabetes are not applicable in pregnancy.
• With advancing gestation there is an increase in insulin requirements.
• The usual criteria of metabolic control are not applicable during pregnancy.

Screening For Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

The data suggest the possibility of DMG are:

• Family history of diabetes, especially among first-degree relatives.
• Glycosuria (glucose in urine) in a second fasting urine sample (see below).

• A story of:
• Unexplained abortions.
• Infants large for gestational age.
• Malformations in the newborn.
• Important maternal obesity (90 kg or more).
Some minor data are: multiparity, toxemia of pregnancy recurrent preterm birth repeated.
The presence of more than one data increases the probability of a disorder in glucose metabolism.
Glycosuria (glucose in urine) is a common finding, as 15% of pregnant women have it, so the search for cases based on this information alone is ineffective. The validity of this test can be increased when using a second fasting urine: the urine passed on waking is neglected and collected a second sample 15 minutes later when the patient is still fasting.
Suspected cases of gestational diabetes mellitus DMG should be seen every 15 days by the endocrinologist, working together this and the obstetrician. It should take the usual prenatal measures. There should be special emphasis on weight control.
At each visit must make a blood glucose after eating. If this test does not exceed 120 mg / dl), proof of an oral glucose tolerance should be deferred until the week 37 th -38 th of gestation, at which time more likely to test positive. If at any visit after eating glucose exceeds 120 mg / dl, should be tested for glucose tolerance without delay.
If the test is negative in early pregnancy does not exclude, however, diagnosis, and the test should be repeated at 37-38 weeks, before making a final decision.
Patients who have a negative tolerance test at 37-38 weeks is considered normal.
If the test is positive you can make the diagnosis of gestational diabetes and gives the patient a diet and was controlled in the same way a diabetic clinic.
If the ideal criteria of glycemic control are not reached soon, you begin treatment with insulin. In cases well controlled and uncomplicated spontaneous delivery is expected.
The existence of an increased need for insulin during pregnancy does not necessarily indicate that diabetes persists after birth.
Monitoring DMG Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
After the puerperium should be repeated glucose tolerance. If the test is still positive, the patient has a diabetes clinic (which was demonstrated for the first time during pregnancy).
If not, the correct diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus.
Because some patients with gestational diabetes develop diabetes mellitus DMG clinic then should be advised to maintain a normal body weight and advised to attend to review annually, or immediately if they become pregnant again.
Problems Of Pregnancy In Diabetic Women
The particular problems in diabetic pregnancy may be considered under several headings:

Maternal problems

• Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is common in the first half of pregnancy, especially in the first quarter. Fortunately, the fetus tolerates hypoglycaemia well.

• Diabetic ketoacidosis

It is a real danger and contrary to what occurs with hypoglycemia, is fatal to the fetus

• Retinopathy (damage to the retina)

Retinopathy is already present in many women at the beginning of pregnancy, and may progress as it progresses. Regular ophthalmoscopy is therefore important. Paradoxically, the progression of retinopathy may be related to the start of a strict metabolic control. When neovascularization occurs can be controlled with photocoagulation, and it is therefore an indication for abortion.

• Nephropathy (kidney damage)

Diabetic nephropathy in pregnant women is defined as the presence during the first half of gestation with proteinuria (protein in urine), persistent, more than 400 mg in 24 hours, in the absence of infection.
Many patients also have high blood pressure and other complications of renal injury. These cases require careful monitoring and control of hypertension and diabetes mellitus , quickly realizing hospitalization and inducing labor.
Patients with functioning kidney transplants often have successful pregnancies.

FETAL PROBLEMS

• Intrauterine death (Death of the fetus in the uterus)

It may occur unexpectedly and inexplicably

• Malformations

Congenital malformations occur in 6-8% of the children of diabetic mothers: they are three times more frequent than in the general population. The type of malformations covers a wide spectrum, but the neural canal defects and cardiac lesions are quite common.
Therefore, you should advise diabetic women to plan their pregnancy and warn in advance, in order to achieve the best possible control before conception takes place. Compliance with this advice may reduce the number of malformations
• Macrosomia (birth-large)
• Infants who were small for gestational age
Although usual in children of diabetic mothers is macrosomia, some infants are small for gestational age due to intrauterine growth retardation. This is more common in patients with longstanding DM with vascular complications.

DEATH IN THE NEWBORN

• Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or hyaline membrane disease

When patients routinely gave birth at 36-37 weeks of gestation, due to lack of maturation of the baby's lungs, a respiratory disturbance occurred numerous times was deadly. Today this problem can be anticipated in time to avoid numerous deaths from this cause.

• Hypoglycemia

Neonatal hypoglycemia is frequent, especially in macrosomic infants. Metabolic control of the mother and newborn in the postpartum decreases the frequency and severity of neonatal hypoglycemia.

• Hyperbilirubinemia

Can occur in association with preterm delivery.

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TEENAGE PREGNANCY

Definition

It's called teenage pregnancy to pregnancy occurring in women younger than 19 years.

Causes, Incidence And Risk Factors

The causes of teenage pregnancy are politically controversial, emotionally charged, and numerous. You should examine many factors in addition to the obvious cause is that teens have sex without adequate contraception.Since there is no 100% effective contraception, abstinence is the surest way to prevent pregnancy.

Statistics show that 18% of American adolescents have experienced sex before 15 years of age.Furthermore, this number increases to 66% of unmarried adolescents have sexual experiences before age 19. Studies have shown that at the age of 20 years, 75% of women and 86% of American men are sexually active. Why teens have sex, and why do so without effective methods of contraception, is a hot topic of discussion. The reasons suggested are the following.

Adolescents become fertile about 4 or 5 years before being emotionally mature.

Today's teens grow up surrounded by a culture in which peers, TV, film, music, and magazines often transmit manifest or secret messages in which sexual relations outside of marriage (especially those involving teenagers) are common, accepted and sometimes expected.

Normally not offered at home, school or education community responsible sexual behavior specific and clear information on the consequences of sexual intercourse (including pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and psychosocial effects). Therefore, much of the "sex education" that adolescents receive filters comes through without being uninformed or colleagues.

Teens who choose to be sexually active in their often limited contraceptive choices to information from peers, parental influences, financial, cultural, and political as well as their development is limited (as it is physical before emotional).

The incidence of teenage pregnancy grows. The percentage of births to unmarried adolescents in the United States has increased by 74.4% between 1975 and 1989.
 

In 1990 there were 521,826 live births to teenage mothers, representing 12.5% ​​of all U.S. births that year. Of these teenage mothers, 19.4% had a child once and 4.0% had given birth twice. 
When compared with other industrialized nations, the United States have a high rate of pregnancy, abortion, and teen births despite the statistics regarding sexual activity is similar to that of other countries. It is estimated that in the United States at the age of 20 years, 40% of white women and 64% of black women have experienced at least 1 pregnancy.

The potential risk for adolescent girls to get pregnant aquedarse include:

• The early sexual contacts (age 12 years is associated with a 91% chance of being pregnant before age 19 and age 13 is associated with 56% of teenage pregnancies).
• The early use of alcohol and / or other drugs, including products such as snuff, leaving school, the lack of a support group or few friends.
• The lack of interest in school, family, or community activities.
• Perceive little or no opportunity for success.
• Living in communities or schools where early pregnancies are common and considered the norm rather than a cause for concern.
• Growing up in impoverished conditions.
• Having been a victim of sexual assault or abuse, or when their mothers in turn have given birth before age 19.

Prevention

There are models for the prevention of teen pregnancy. The programs tend to focus on particular or use a combination of approaches. Most adolescent programs for the prevention of pregnancy using methods that are in the following categories.

The programs promote abstinence education delay the start in sexual contact until the person is mature and sufficiently skilled to handle sexual activity in a responsible and able to manage and be accountable to a potential pregnancy.

Programs are based and focused on the adolescent's knowledge about their bodies and normal functions as well as giving detailed information about contraceptives.

Other more clinical programs in schools, focused on providing easier access to information, advised by health care and contraceptive services.

The partner who advises teens programs usually meet known and older people to facilitate discussions that explore the feelings and attitudes about physical impulses faced in relationships, then encourages other teens to resist her partner and social pressures to get become sexually involved. These programs tend to take more than an experimental example, helping teens to personalize the risk. They also teach the use of certain barrier methods playing and other methods, when they become sexually active. The monitor program must also include these adolescents already involved in sexual activities, to demonstrate their experiences within the sex and all the information you need to get on contraceptive use.

SYMPTOMS OF PREGNANCY

Symptoms of pregnancy include:

• missed menstrual period
• depletion
• increase breast size
• abdominal distension
• nausea and vomiting
• dizziness and fainting

TESTS AND TEST

The adolescent may or may not admit they had sex.

There are usually weight changes (usually a gain, but may be a loss if nausea and vomiting are important).The test may show increased abdominal volume. You can feel the top of the uterus and this is increased. On pelvic examination the vaginal walls are discolored or blue or purple, the cervix softened, and there is a softening and enlargement of the uterus.

• The urine pregnancy tests and / or blood are usually positive.
• You can be a study using ultrasound to confirm or verify pregnancy and precise dates.

Treatment

Abortion is a potential option but states vary with respect to the ability of unmarried teen to legally obtain these means to end a pregnancy without parental consent. In the case of married adolescents may require the consent of the husband. Give the baby up for adoption is another option. but the majority of pregnant teens choose to continue their pregnancy and stay with your baby.

Early prenatal care and appropriate to a program focused on teen pregnancy ensures a healthier baby.Smoking, alcohol use, drug abuse should be discouraged strongly, and methods should be offered support to help pregnant teens to take such behavior. The proper alimentacinó ensured through education and the availability of social resources. Proper exercise and adequate sleep should also be adequately informed.Contraceptive information and services are important. Adolescents should be counseled and assisted to stay in school or educational programs that will enable them to financially take care of your child, plus it is healthier emotionally. The care of children in care in an accessible way is an important factor in teen mothers continuing school and / or work.

Forecast

Women who have their first child during adolescence are more likely to have more children overall. And these children are also less likely to receive support from their biological fathers, complete their education, work on some kind of vocation, and establish independence and financial security adequate to provide for themselves. Married teen mothers are more likely to experience divorce (80%) than married women who delay pregnancy until at least 20 years.

Complications

The teenage pregnancy is associated with higher risk of illness and death for both mother and baby.

The pregnant adolescents have a much higher risk for serious medical complications such as toxemia, hypertension, severe anemia, premature delivery, and / or placenta previa. The risk of death for mothers of 15 years or younger is 60% higher than that of mothers aged 20 years.

Babies of teenage mothers are from 2 to 6 times more likely to have low birth weight than those born to mothers 20 years or more. This is almost always because premature babies, but intrauterine growth retardation (inadequate growth of the fetus during pregnancy) is also a factor. Teen mothers are more prone to engage in behaviors such as smoking, alcohol use. or drug abuse, inconsistent and poor feeding, or multiple sexual partners. This can put the baby in a high risk for inadequate growth, infection, or chemical dependency. The risk of death of the baby during the first year of life increases in relation to maternal age, the minor is 20 years.

WHEN TO CALL YOUR DOCTOR

Call for an appointment if symptoms occur in a teen pregnancy.

Call for advice regarding methods of birth control or other information you want, especially if a teen is facing pressure from a partner or has personal thoughts of engaging in sexual activity, or if a teen is involved and sexual activity with or without contraception.

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Traveling While Pregnant

Introduction

In principle, you can travel during pregnancy. However, it is advisable to consider certain precautions, such as choosing destinations with good sanitation.

Travelling by car or train is more advisable to travel by bus because they do not even have space walk. If traveling by car must use seat belts without fear that this may cause fetal injury in an accident because it is very unlikely if you placed the tape on the lower part of his abdomen.

Air travel is safe during pregnancy, although it is true that should be avoided from the seventh month of pregnancy. Aisle seats, and near the bathroom are more appropriate. In addition, the front of the plane is the most stable. The airport metal detectors are not dangerous to the fetus.

Travelling by boat is safe if you have discussed this with your doctor about diet and medication is advisable in case of dizziness.

Traveling abroad can be dangerous for pregnant. You should tell your doctor whether your destination is safe as it can be exposed to different diseases not common, and not all vaccines are recommended during pregnancy.

Some Tips

• When you travel use loose clothing that does not press.
• Every two hours, a stop and a walk will help.
• Do not treat dizziness if without consultation with your doctor.
• If you spend a period away from home as a vacation, look for a center where they can maintain their monitoring and use in case of trouble.
• Before a trip in late gestation period, notify your doctor.
• To avoid nausea and dizziness, common during pregnancy, it is advisable to eat sugar cookies or candy.

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DIET AND WEIGHT IN PREGNANCY

INFORMATION

Weight gain during pregnancy has to be from 0.9 to 1.4 kg per month of pregnancy, or 11 to 13.5 kg in a woman of average height. 
A weight gain between 13.5 and 15, 8 kg fat is excessive and represents both the fetus and mother. Keep in mind that it is more difficult to control weight gain in later stages of pregnancy, so it is imperative not to increase the bulk of the total weight for the first few months, however, poor weight gain is a negative sign, particularly if less than 4.5 kg. Do not ever recommend dieting during pregnancy, even in very obese patients, it is essential that some increase in weight for good fetal development, and the system reduces the supply of nutrients to the fetus. All the extra weight will be lost, at the latest, during the year following the birth, with a healthy diet and regular activity. Sometimes the simple fluid retention causes weight gain, who will miss a week of birth.

DIET

A daily diet should be added the woman about 250 kcal a day to provide adequate fetal nutrition. Most of these calories should consist of protein, but the diet must be well balanced, including fruit and vegetables of the season. It also should be taken free of sugar and cereals high in fiber. The salt (especially iodine) can be used in moderation, but avoid heavily salted foods. It should also limit foods with fats and sweets: pastries, chips, soft drinks, biscuits and sweets. Folic acid is a B vitamin found primarily in green leafy vegetables, legumes, asparagus and liver. All pregnant women should consume 0.4 milligrams of folic acid per day, especially in the early weeks. This helps protect the baby that is forming against certain birth defects of the spine or brain, such as spina bifida. Do not smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs not prescribed throughout pregnancy.

TIPS DIET IN PREGNANCY

• Vitamins : Eat different kinds of foods every day. Since it is difficult to get the recommended amount of folic acid only through food, you may need to receive supplements (multivitamin), as determined by your doctor.
• Sal : Your body needs a certain amount of salt when you are pregnant. The salt (especially iodine) can be used in moderation, but avoid heavily salted foods.
• Meals : Eat three meals every day. If you have heartburn (heartburn) or stomach bothers you, do four to six meals with smaller amounts in the day.
• Appetizers or snacks : Cheese, yoghurt, fruit and vegetables are healthy snacks. Avoid sweets, cakes or sugary drinks.
• Water : When you are pregnant your body needs plenty of fluids. Drink six to eight glasses of fluid each day (water, fruit juices, and / or milk).
• Caffeine : Caffeine is in tea, coffee, soft drinks, and chocolate. Too much caffeine could be dangerous for your baby.

VERY IMPORTANT: Do not smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs not prescribed, throughout pregnancy.

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